J.P. Morgan Chase Bank v. Liberty Mutual Ins., 209 F.R.D. 361 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
In a suit against insurance companies that had guaranteed payment in the event of
Enron’s bankruptcy, the court weighed the admissibility of several emails. The court determined that emails authored by senior bank officials would be allowed into evidence and that a reasonable juror could find these emails probative of the Defendants’ central proposition that the transactions were actually uninsurable “off-the-books” loans.

Perfect 10, Inc. v. Cybernet Ventures, Inc., 213 F. Supp. 2d 1146 (C.D. Cal. 2002).
In a copyright and trademark infringement action, the Court refused to find that all evidence printed from websites is inauthentic and inadmissible. Instead, the Court found that the printouts were properly authenticated under Fed.R.Evid. 901(a) where the plaintiff's CEO adequately established that the exhibits attached to his declaration were “true and correct copies of pages printed from the Internet that were printed by [him] or under his direction.”

New York v. Microsoft Corp., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7683 (D.D.C. 2002).
Microsoft challenged several emails appended to the written testimony of one of the Plaintiff’s witnesses, claiming that the statements contained therein were inadmissible hearsay. The court excluded multiple email messages using the following reasoning: (1) they were offered for the truth of the matters they asserted, (2) had not been shown to be business records as required under Rule 803(6), and (3) contained multiple levels of hearsay for which no exception had been established.

Sea-Land Serv., Inc. v. Lozen Int’l, 285 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 2002).
The Court ruled that the trial court should have admitted an internal company email, which an employee of the plaintiff had forwarded to the defendant. The defense persuasively argued on appeal that the email was not excludable hearsay because her remarks in forwarding the email manifested an adoption or belief in truth of the information contained in the original email. The Court ruled that this satisfied the
requirements for an adoptive admission under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(B).

V Cable Inc. v. Budnick, 23 Fed. Appx. 64 (2nd Cir. 2001).
In an investigation of illegal sales and distribution of cable equipment, the police seized computers believed to contain relevant evidence of the crime. After holding the computers in question, the police sent them to an independent software company for analysis. Appellant's argument implies that, once they left police custody, the computers
and any records obtained there from became corrupted and, therefore, inadmissible under Rule 803(6) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Court found the documents to be sufficiently trustworthy to be admitted under Rule 803(6).

Hardison v. Balboa Ins. Co., 4 Fed. Appx. 663 (10th Cir. 2001).
To prove that an insurance company had followed notice of cancellation requirements, the court admitted computer files and print-outs regarding how the cancelled policy was processed and maintained. The court stated that computer business records are admissible under Rule 803(6) “if the offeror establishes a sufficient foundation in the record for [their] introduction.”

St. Clair v. Johnny’s Oyster & Shrimp, Inc., 76 F. Supp. 2d 773 (S.D. Tex. 1999).
“[A]ny evidence procured off the Internet is adequate for almost nothing, even under the most liberal interpretation of the hearsay exception.”

SKW Real Estate Ltd. v. Gallicchio, 716 A.2d 903 (Conn. App. Ct. 1998).
A computer-generated document is admissible in a foreclosure action, pursuant to the business records exception to the hearsay rule.

Monotype Corp. v. Int’l Typeface Corp., 43 F.3d 443 (9th Cir. 1994).
The court declined admission of a detrimental email in a license infringement action, due to the prejudicial nature of the message and fact that the email was not admissible under the business record exception.

Moench v. Red River Basin Bd., 2002 Minn. App. LEXIS 1112 (Minn. Ct. App. 2002).
Plaintiff was forced to resign from his executive director position after being confronted with allegations that pornographic images were found on his computer. The Plaintiff’s employer used a computer forensic expert to investigate the pornographic material stored in the cache file of the Plaintiff’s computer. Given that the Plaintiff’s employment was terminated for cause, the Commissioner of Economic Security refused to issue unemployment benefits. The appellate court reversed the denial of benefits stating that the evidence in the record did not support the finding that the Plaintiff intentionally downloaded or stored any pornographic material on his computer.

Ingenix, Inc. v. Lagalante, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5795 (E.D. La. 2002).
Defendant left his employment with the Plaintiff to work for Plaintiff’s competitor as a vice president of sales. The Plaintiff (Defendant’s former employer) filed suit against Defendant alleging fraudulent, abusive, and knowing misappropriation of computer files and proprietary information causing damage in excess of $5,000 in violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. While the CFAA is a criminal statute, the court affirmed the rule that a violation of the statute can provide the basis for civil liability. Plaintiff’s allegations were based upon evidence that the Defendant had misused his company laptop and took steps to appropriate data relating to customers “in the sales funnel” for his new employer. A computer forensic examination of email messages sent by Defendant and the pattern of Defendant’s use and downloading of files from his laptop revealed that he had, in fact, downloaded and deleted confidential and proprietary customer information for use by Plaintiff’s competitor.

Adobe Sys., Inc. v. Sun South Prod., Inc., 187 F.R.D. 636 (S.D. Cal. 1999).
In a computer piracy suit, the Court denied Plaintiff’s ex parte application for a temporary restraining order. The Court based its decision on the fact that it is more difficult to erase evidence that is magnetically encoded on a computer hard disk than it is to physically destroy floppy disks, compact discs, invoices, and other tangible forms of evidence. “Manual or automated deletion of that software may remove superficial indicia, such as its icons or presence in the user's application menu. However, telltale traces of a previous installation remain, such as abandoned subdirectories, libraries, information in system files, and registry keys…Even if an infringer managed to delete every file associated with Plaintiffs' software, Plaintiffs could still recover many of those files since the operating system does not actually erase the files, but merely marks the space consumed by the files as free for use by other files.”

Byrne v. Byrne, 650 N.Y.S.2d 499 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996).
In a divorce proceeding, the wife sought access to her husband’s computer, which husband used for both business and personal purposes even though computer was provided by husband’s employer. The wife was awarded such access to search the computer for information about the couple’s finances and marital assets.

Byers v. Illinois State Police, 53 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 740 (N.D. Ill. 2002).
In an employment discrimination suit, the plaintiffs sought an order compelling the defendants to produce archived emails. The court stated, “Based on the cost of the proposed search and the plaintiffs' failure to establish that the search will likely uncover relevant information, the Court concludes that the plaintiffs are entitled to the archived emails only if they are willing to pay for part of the cost of production….Requiring the plaintiffs to pay part of the cost of producing the emails will provide them with an incentive to focus their requests.” The court granted the motion to the extent that the plaintiffs bear the cost of licensing the archived email software while the defendants continue to bear the expense of review for responsive, privileged, and confidential documents.

In re Bristol-Myers Squibb Sec. Litig., 205 F.R.D. 437 (D.N.J. 2002).
The Court modified the Plaintiff’s original discovery cost commitment where Defendants "dumped" an extraordinary number of paper documents resulting in a prohibitive copying charge. The Court also denied the Defendant’s motion for Plaintiff’s one-half cost contribution for document scanning costs, but instead required Plaintiff to pay only for the nominal cost of copying compact discs. The Court reiterated the importance of a Rule 26(f) conference to discuss electronic discovery issues, including the fair and economical allocation of costs.

Rowe Entm’t, Inc. v. William Morris Agency, Inc., 205 F.R.D. 421 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
Denying Defendants’ motion for a protective order insofar as it sought to preclude the discovery of email altogether, the Court adopted a balancing approach, consisting of eight factors, to determine whether discovery costs should be shifted. See also Rowe Entm’t, Inc. v. William Morris Agency, Inc., 53 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 296 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). After reanalyzing and reaffirming Judge Francis’ eight factor balancing test, the Court upheld the January 15, 2002 Order that granted Defendants motion to shift the costs of production of their email communications to Plaintiffs.

GTFM, Inc., v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16244 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
The court allowed Plaintiff to recover fees for the inspection of Wal-Mart’s computer records and facilities by plaintiff's expert and also upheld fees and expenses caused by Wal-Mart’s failure to provide accurate discovery information in response to valid discovery requests. The court found the award of expenses “reasonable in view of the prior repeated misinformation provided by Wal-Mart concerning the availability of information…”

Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 179 F.R.D. 622 (D. Utah 1998) rev’d on other grounds, 222 F.3d 1262 (10th Cir. 2000).
The court ordered Plaintiff to pay Defendant $10,000 for Plaintiff’s failing to preserve email records for five key employees. Plaintiff was allowed to do a keyword search of
Defendant’s database that excluded competitive information.

Zonaras v. General Motors Corp., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22535 (S.D. Ohio 1996).
In this case, Plaintiffs sought to compel discovery of data compiled concerning different crash test dummy tests. In response, Defendant GMC asserted that it produced data tracings and backup materials for all but eleven of these tests, and objects to production of the remaining tests “as unduly burdensome and expensive.” After balancing the elements outlined in Rule 26(b)(2)(iii), the court ordered Defendant GMC to produce data tracings and backup materials of the eleven tests where the benefits of the discovery outweighed the expense of production. Because admissibility of the electronic evidence was still undecided, the court ordered the Plaintiffs to pay half the production costs.

Toledo Fair Hous. Ctr. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 703 N.E.2d 340 (Ohio C.P. 1996).
The court ordered discovery of certain documents from Defendant’s database. Judge stated that the Defendant cannot avoid discovery simply because their own record keeping scheme makes discovery burdensome. Court ordered Defendant to pay costs of the discovery.

Anti-Monopoly, Inc. v. Hasbro, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16355 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).
The court found that the law is clear that data in computerized form is discoverable even if paper copies of the information have been produced. The producing party can be required to design a computer program to extract the data from its computerized business records. But such an order is subject to the Court's discretion as to the allocation of the costs of designing such a computer program.

In re Brand Name Prescription Drugs Antitrust Litig., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8281 (N.D. Ill. 1995).
Court found that expense of retrieving electronic data was mainly due to Defendant’s own recordkeeping scheme. As such, Court required Defendant to produce its responsive, computer-stored email at its own expense, subject to some limitations. Court also instructed Plaintiffs to narrow the scope of their request. Parties encouraged by Court to confer regarding scope of requests for emails.

Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc. v. Home Indemnity Co., 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8304 (E.D. Pa. 1991).
An unwieldy computerized record-keeping system, which requires heavy expenditures in money and time to produce relevant records, is simply not an adequate excuse to frustrate discovery. Plaintiffs were required to pay for copies of any documents on microfilm/microfiche which Plaintiff requests, while Defendants bear the burden of searching and producing the documents.

Williams v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 119 F.R.D. 648 (W.D. Ky. 1987).
The discovering party must bear costs of data production and reimburse responding party for a portion of its expense in assembling the database.

Delozier v. First Nat’l Bank of Gatlinburg, 109 F.R.D. 161 (E.D. Tenn. 1986).
“A court will not shift the burden of discovery onto the discovering party where the costliness of the discovery procedure involved is entirely a product of the defendant's record-keeping scheme over which the plaintiff has no control.”

Bills v. Kennecott Corp., 108 F.R.D. 459 (D. Utah 1985).
The court denied Defendant’s motion requiring Plaintiffs to pay the cost Defendant incurred in producing a printout of computer data that Plaintiffs sought through discovery. The court based its holding on that the amount of money involved was not excessive or inordinate, that the relative expense and burden in obtaining the data would have been substantially greater for the Plaintiffs as compared with the Defendant, that the amount of money required to obtain the data as set forth by the Defendant would have been a substantial burden to the Plaintiffs, and that the Defendant was benefited to some degree by producing the data.

Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340 (1982).
“[W]e do not think a defendant should be penalized for not maintaining his records in the form most convenient to some potential future litigants whose identity and perceived needs could not have been anticipated.” Where the expense of creating computer programs that would locate the desired data was the same for both parties, the Court ordered that the party seeking the information must bear the cost of production.

Wright v. AmSouth Bancorp., 320 F.3d 1198 (11th Cir. 2003).
In an age discrimination suit, Plaintiff sought discovery of computer disks and tapes containing “all word processing files created, modified and/or accessed” by five of the Defendant’s employees spanning a two and a half-year period. The court denied the Plaintiff’s motion to compel because his request was overly broad and unduly burdensome and made no reasonable showing of relevance.

Bryant v. Aventis Pharm., Inc., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21070 (S.D. Ind. 2002).
The Indiana court mentioned without further comment that emails were recovered from the Plaintiff’s computer after her termination, confirming the general discoverability of email evidence. The court considered the content of these emails in granting summary judgment in favor of the Defendant.

In re CI Host, Inc., 92 S.W.3d 514 (Tex. 2002).
Customers brought a breach of contract class action against the company hosting their web services. During discovery, the trial court ordered the Defendant to preserve and produce computer backup tapes containing potentially relevant evidence. The Defendant objected that the request was overbroad, demanded confidential information, and was in violation of the federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act. The appellate court held that in light of the Defendant’s failure to produce evidence supporting its objections as required by Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.4(a), the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the contents of the tapes to be produced.

Southern Diagnostic Assoc. v. Bencosme, 833 So. 2d 801 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002).
The appellate court quashed an order against Southern Diagnostic, a non-party in an insurance suit brought by Bencosme, compelling discovery of certain contents of its computer system. The appellate court held that that trial court's order was overly broad, setting no parameters or limitations on the inspection of Southern Diagnostic's computer system and make no account that the computer system contained confidential and privileged information. The appellate court directed the trial court to craft a narrowly tailored order that accomplishes the purposes of the discovery requests and provides for confidentiality.

Collette v. St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hosp., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18164 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
The New York court mentioned without further comment that emails were made available during discovery, confirming the general discoverability of email evidence.

MHC Investment Comp. v. Racom Corp., 209 F.R.D. 431 (S.D. Iowa 2002).
The Iowa court mentioned without further comment that emails were made available during discovery confirming the general discoverability of email evidence.

Rowe Entm’t, Inc. v. William Morris Agency, Inc., 53 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 296 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
“Rules 26(b) and 34 for the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure instruct that computer-stored information is discoverable under the same rules that pertain to tangible, written materials.”

Stallings-Daniel v. Northern Trust Co., 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 1406 (N.D. Ill. 2002).
In an employment discrimination action, the Plaintiff moved for reconsideration of the Court’s denial of electronic discovery of the Defendant’s email system. The court, in denying the Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration, determined that the Plaintiff presented no new information that justified an intrusive electronic investigation.

McPeek v. Ashcroft, 202 F.R.D. 31 (D.D.C. 2001).
“... economic considerations have to be pertinent if the court is to remain faithful to its responsibility to prevent 'undue burden or expense'...If the likelihood of finding something was the only criterion, there is a risk that someone will have to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to produce a single email. That is an awfully expensive needle to justify searching a haystack.”

Ex Parte Wal-mart, Inc., 809 So. 2d 818 (Ala. 2001).
In a personal injury case, Plaintiff sought discovery of Wal-mart’s electronic database containing customer incident reports and employee accident review forms. The appellate court held that discovery order should have been restricted to falling-merchandise incidents with geographic and temporal limits set forth by the trial court.

White v. White, 781 A.2d 85 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 2001).
In a divorce action, the husband filed a motion to suppress his email that had been stored on the hard drive of the family computer. The Court held that the wife did not unlawfully access stored electronic communications in violation of the New Jersey Wiretap Act and did not intrude on his seclusion by accessing those emails. “Having a legitimate reason for being in the files, plaintiff had a right to seize evidence she believed indicated her husband was being unfaithful….Is rummaging through files in a computer hard drive any different than rummaging through files in an unlocked file cabinet…Not really.”

Demelash v. Ross Stores, Inc., 20 P.3d 447 (Wash. Ct. App. 2001).
In an action for a false shoplifting arrest, the court stated, “A trial court must manage the discovery process in a fashion that promotes full disclosure of relevant information while at the same time protecting against harmful side effects. Consequently, a court may appropriately limit discovery to protect against requests that are unduly burdensome or expensive.” The court limited the scope of to a computerized summary of the store’s files.

Wisconsin ex rel. Milwaukee Police Assoc. v. Jones, 615 N.W.2d 190 (Wis. Ct. App. 2000).
In considering the provisions of the state’s open records laws, the court concluded that the City’s production of an analog tape was insufficient when a digital version existed. The court stated, “A potent open records law must remain open to technological advances so that its statutory terms remain true to the law's intent.”

Itzenson v. Hartford Life and Accident Ins. Co., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14680 (E.D. Pa. 2000).
“It is difficult to believe that in the computer era” that the Defendant could not identify files and filter out information based on specific categories.

In re Dow Corning Corp., 250 B.R. 298 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2000).
Federal Government did not satisfy its obligation to make medical records stored in computer databases available to Debtor, where Government directed Debtor to warehouses around the world where the information was stored.

Van Westrienen v. Americontinental Collection Corp., 189 F.R.D. 440 (D. Or. 1999).
Court held that “Plaintiffs are not entitled to unbridled access [of] Defendant’s computer system…Plaintiffs should pursue other less burdensome alternatives, such as identifying the number of letters and their content.”

Caldera, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 72 F. Supp. 2d 1295 (D. Utah 1999).
A federal district court found that a series of intra-company emails offered “direct evidence” that the corporation was actively trying to destroy a competitor.

Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Welles, 60 F. Supp. 2d 1050 (S.D. Cal. 1999).
The Court held that Defendant’s hard drive was discoverable because it was likely that relevant information was stored on it. Production of such electronic information would not be unduly burdensome upon Defendant.

Linnen v. A.H. Robins Co., 1999 Mass. Super. LEXIS 240 (Mass. Super. 1999).
“A discovery request aimed at the production of records retained in some electronic form is no different in principle, from a request for documents contained in any office file cabinet.” The court continued, “To permit a corporation such as Wyeth to reap the business benefits of such [computer] technology and simultaneously use that technology as a shield in litigation would lead to incongruous and unfair results.”

Symantec Corp. v. McAfee Assocs., 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22591 (N.D. Cal. 1998).
Plaintiff sought to obtain the entire source code for all of Defendant’s products dating back to 1995, as well as copies of all hard drives which had access to the server from which the information on the was copied. The court found that production of this magnitude would be unduly burdensome to the Defendant, both in terms of volume and in terms of the proprietary nature of the information sought.

Storch v. IPCO Safety Prods. Co., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10118 (E.D. Pa. 1997).
“This Court finds that in this age of high-technology where much of our information is transmitted by computer and computer disks, it is not unreasonable for the defendant to produce the information on computer disk for the plaintiff.”

Strasser v. Yalamanchi, 669 So. 2d 1142 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996).
The court ruled that the trial court’s discovery order should be quashed because (1) unrestricted access to Defendant’s entire computer system was overly broad and would pose a threat to confidential records and (2) there was little evidence that the purged documents could be retrieved.

Fennell v. First Step Designs, Ltd., 83 F.3d 526 (1st Cir. 1996).
The court denied Plaintiff’s broad request for discovery of Defendant’s entire hard drive. The court explained that the costs, burdens, delays, and likelihood of discovering the evidence must be weighed against the importance of the requested evidence. Court held requesting party must show a “particularized likelihood of discovering appropriate material”.

Anti-Monopoly, Inc. v. Hasbro, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16355 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).
“The law is clear that data in computerized form is discoverable even if paper ‘hard
copies’ of the information have been produced…[T]oday it is black letter law that computerized data is discoverable if relevant.”

Murlas Living Trust v. Mobil Oil Corp., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3489 (N.D. Ill. 1995).
The court refused to require Defendant to undergo intrusive or burdensome discovery for its electronic files where the burden is not justified by the relevance of the evidence likely to be discovered.

Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Craig, 995 F.2d 1376 (7th Cir. 1993).
Computer data is discoverable under Federal Rule of Procedure 34.

Aviles v. McKenzie, 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3656 (N.D. Cal. 1992).
In an action involving claims of wrongful termination and employment discrimination, Plaintiff presented email messages that demonstrated he was fired for whistleblowing about unsafe and illegal company practices.

Lawyers Title Ins. Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guar. Co., 122 F.R.D. 567 (N.D. Cal. 1988).
The court rejected, as broadly framed and intrusive, a request to inspect the responding party’s entire computer system where it was a mere possibility that responding party might produce applicable documents. Court required a showing that this inspection would lead to evidence that had not already been produced.

Santiago v. Miles, 121 F.R.D. 636 (W.D.N.Y. 1988).
The court noted that “[a] request for raw information in computer banks is proper and the information is obtainable under the discovery rules.”

Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. United States, 650 F. Supp. 1003 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1986), rev’d on other grounds 6 F.3d 1511 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
The court rejected the government’s narrow discovery position, stating that disclosure orders should be construed liberally and should not be impeded by technical objections. The court further explained, “[I]t would be a dangerous development in the law if new
techniques for easing the use of information become a hindrance to discovery of disclosure in litigation.”

Bills v. Kennecott Corp., 108 F.R.D. 459 (D. Utah 1985).
“[C]ertain propositions will be applicable in virtually all cases, namely, that information stored in computers should be as freely discoverable as information not stored in computers, so parties requesting discovery should not be prejudiced thereby; and the party responding is usually in the best and most economical position to call up its own computer stored data.”

Premier Homes and Land Corp. v. Cheswell, Inc., 240 F. Supp. 2d 97 (D. Mass. 2002).
In a property dispute, Plaintiff used an email purportedly sent from one of Defendant’s stockholders to Plaintiff’s president to form the core of its claim that the Defendant was not complying with the terms of a lease. The Defendant filed an ex parte motion to preserve certain electronic evidence and expedite the production of electronic records. The court, stating that it was necessary to determine the origin of the disputed email, ordered Defendant’s experts to create mirror images of Plaintiff’s computer hard drives, backup tapes, and other data storage devices. Soon thereafter, the Plaintiff confessed to his attorney that he had fabricated the email by pasting most of a heading from an
earlier, legitimate message and altering the subject matter line. The Defendant’s motion to dismiss was granted and the court ordered the Plaintiff to pay the Defendant’s attorney and expert fees and court costs for committing a fraud on the court.

In re Pharmatrak, Inc. Privacy Litig., 220 F.Supp.2d 4 (D. Mass. 2002), rev’d and remanded 329 F.3d 9 (2003).
In a class action Privacy matter, the Plaintiffs alleged that Defendants had secretly intercepted and accessed Plaintiffs’ personal information and Web browsing habits through the use of “cookies” and other devices, in violation of state and federal law. The Plaintiffs raised claims under The Wiretap Act, The Stored Communications Act, and The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Using computer forensic tools, Plaintiffs’ expert was able to analyze the Defendant’s Website tracking logs and determine that the Defendant had captured and possessed detailed private information about the Plaintiffs, including their: names, addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, sex, insurance status, medical conditions, education levels, occupations, and email content. Finding that the Plaintiffs failed to establish necessary elements of each of the above listed statutes, the Court issued Summary Judgment in favor of the Defendant.

Munshani v. Signal Lake Venture Fund II, 2001 Mass. Super. LEXIS 496 (Mass. Super. 2001).
In a dispute over authentication of an email message, the Court appointed a neutral computer forensics expert. Based on the expert’s analysis and report, the Court found that the Plaintiff intentionally fabricated the disputed email and then attempted to hide that fabrication. The Court dismissed the Plaintiff’s suit and ordered him to pay the Defendant’s expert and attorney fees.

Northwest Airlines v. Local 2000, C.A. No. 00-08DWF/AJB (D. Minn. Feb. 2, 2000) (Order on
Defendants’ Motion for Protective Order and Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Discovery); Northwest Airlines v. Local 2000, C.A. No. 00-08DWF/AJB (D. Minn. Feb. 29, 2000) (Memorandum Opinion and Order).
Court ordered Plaintiff’s expert to act as a neutral 3rd party expert; on behalf of the court,
the expert collected and imaged the Defendants’ personal hard drives and provided the parties with a complete report of all data “deemed responsive.” Court issued detailed protocol for conducting the electronic discovery.

Simon Prop. Group v. mySimon, Inc., 194 F.R.D. 639 (S.D. Ind. 2000).
On Plaintiff's motion to compel in a trademark case, the court held that Plaintiff was entitled to attempt to recover deleted computer files from computers used by Defendant’s employees. The court required that protective measures be taken, including Plaintiff's appointment of an expert who would serve as an officer of the court and turn over the recovered information to Defendant's counsel for appropriate review.

Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Welles, 60 F. Supp. 2d 1050 (S.D. Cal. 1999), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, remanded, 279 F.3d 796 (9th Cir. 2002).
The court appointed a computer expert who specialized in the field of electronic discovery to create a “mirror image” of Defendant’s hard drive. Court reserved Respondent’s right to object to production after data capture by expert and review of materials.

Nat’l Assoc. of Radiation Survivors v. Turnage, 115 F.R.D. 543 (N.D. Cal. 1987).
Court imposed sanctions on party that altered and destroyed computer documents in the regular course of business. Court appointed special master to oversee the discovery process.

United States v. IBM Corp., 76 F.R.D. 97 (S.D.N.Y. 1977).
Where Defendant was to produce information to plaintiff pursuant to prior court orders, but production did not comport with spirit and intent of those orders and was highly technical and complex in nature, the court determined that “exceptional conditions” existed, warranting appointment of examiner. The examiner’s duties included reporting
to court as to information that Defendant possessed and produced and supervising discovery.

Carefirst of Maryland, Inc. v. Carefirst Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 13443 (4th Cir. 2003).
In a trademark infringement action, the trademark owner, a large healthcare insurance company, filed a lawsuit against the accused infringer, a non-profit pro-life advocacy organization, for using the same word in its name as the trademark owner had used. The District Court dismissed the action pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2), holding that it did not have personal jurisdiction over the accused infringer because it did not have sufficient contacts with Maryland. On appeal, the court affirmed. The accused infringer's semi-interactive website was insufficient to establish the required minimum contacts with Maryland because the only concrete evidence of online exchanges between the accused infringer and Maryland residents was a single donation initiated by the trademark owner's counsel, and the overall content of the website had a strong local character, emphasizing that the accused infringer's mission was to assist Chicago-area women. The accused infringer's relationship with an in-forum web hosting company was also insufficient to establish the necessary minimum contacts because that company merely facilitated the purchase of the trademark owner's domain names and rented it space on its servers, located in Massachusetts.

top

Go2Net, Inc. v. C I Host, Inc., 60 P.3d 1245 (Wash. Ct. App. 2003).
After discovery commenced in a suit to collect payment due under a services contract, the parties exchanged document requests. In responding to Defendant’s requests, Plaintiff provided some documents, but advised that one of its servers had crashed and was in the process of being rebuilt. Plaintiff stated that it would supplement its production at a later date. A day prior to the summary judgment hearing in the case, the Plaintiff produced the additional emails from the rebuilt server. The trial court issued summary judgment in favor of the Plaintiff. On appeal, Defendant argued that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to vacate the summary judgment order in light of "newly discovered evidence”, namely the internal email messages produced just prior to the summary judgment hearing. The appellate court found that the email messages were not “newly discovered evidence” where there was nothing to suggest that the Plaintiff deliberately tried to hide these documents.

Dodge, Warren, & Peters Ins. Servs. v. Riley, 130 Cal. Rptr. 2d 385 (Cal. Ct. App. 2003).
Prior to termination of their employment, Defendants copied and took with them volumes of computerized data maintained in Plaintiff’s files and storage media. Plaintiff sued the Defendants alleging claims of misappropriation of trade secrets, unfair business practices, breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract. The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s order issuing a preliminary injunction against Defendants, requiring the preservation of electronic evidence and ordering them to allow a courtappointed expert to copy the data, recover lost or deleted files, and perform automated searches of the evidence under guidelines agreed to by the parties or established by the court.

In re Amsted Indus., Inc., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24332 (N.D. Ill. 2002).
In a suit by Plaintiff employees against their employer for breach of fiduciary duty and other wrongs stemming from a hostile takeover with use of employee stock assets, the court considered Plaintiffs’ various discovery motions, including a motion compelling Defendants to retrieve email and documents generated on or after January 1, 1997. In response to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests, Defendants limited its investigation to word searches of its backup tapes and only produced relevant documents generated after January 1, 1999. The production did not include email. Plaintiffs argued that the Defendants' search of electronic documents was inadequate, and that Defendants should have actually searched the hard drive of each individual Defendant and each person having access to relevant information. The court ordered the Defendant to re-search their backup tapes under a broader subject matter and time period. The court also indicated they should search the in-box, saved, and sent folders of any relevant individual's email in the same manner. The court determined the additional searches were not so burdensome or expensive as to require a limiting of the requests.

Gambale v. Deutsche Bank AG, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22931 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
As a step toward resolving several discovery disputes, the Magistrate Judge ordered the Defendants to serve an affidavit explaining the steps they have taken to search their paper and electronic files for documents responsive to Plaintiff’s discovery requests and outlining the feasibility and cost of retrieving such electronic documents. The Magistrate then stated that the Plaintiff must choose between two options for producing the electronic data: (1) follow the protocol set forth in Rowe Entm’t v. William Morris Agency, Inc., 205 F.R.D. 421 (S.D.N.Y.2002), with the slight modification set forth in Murphy Oil USA, Inc. v. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 168 (E.D. La. 2002), or (2) confer with the Defendant and propose a joint protocol.

Kormendi v. Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20768 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
The parties in this employment case jointly wrote the Magistrate, requesting reconsideration and clarification of a prior order. The court previously had ordered Defendant to produce all email messages mentioning the Plaintiff over a one-year time period, with the Plaintiff to pay for the cost of the search. In the letter to the Magistrate, the Defendant stated that it had already produced the emails from persons involved in the suit and had no method to locate and reconstruct emails mentioning the Plaintiff for the listed period because its document retention policy called for employees to retain emails for a period of only thirty days. The Magistrate noted that the Plaintiff should seek other means of attaining the sought after emails, such as searching the computers of other employees who might have saved the emails. Plaintiff must still bear the cost of searching for these emails.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 292 F.3d 664 (9th Cir. 2002).
In a dispute relating to the market conduct of Intel Corp, Advanced filed a complaint with the European Commission, and sought discovery according to practices and rules in the United States under federal law. Adopting a broad interpretation of the scope of discovery rights in cases involving foreign tribunals, the Court permitted domestic-style discovery under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 in an investigation conducted by the European Community Directorate.

Thompson v. Thompson, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9940 (D.N.H. 2002).
The copying of email messages from the hard drive of a personal computer does not constitute interception of electronic communications for the purposes of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986. The court reasoned that an interception can only occur “during transmission” of electronic communication transfers; thus, the acquisition of stored email does not qualify as an interception under the ECPA.

Gorgen Co. v. Brecht, 2002 Minn. App. LEXIS 539 (Minn. Ct. App. 2002).
Plaintiff brought suit against former employees for misappropriation of trade secrets. Prior to serving the complaint, Plaintiff obtained a TRO, which prohibited Defendants from destroying or altering electronic documents and provided for expedited discovery of relevant electronic data. The Appellate Court found that the district court abused its discretion by issuing the TRO and by denying the Defendants’ motion to dissolve it. The Appellate Court stated, “Although the TRO seems reasonable on its face…this issue cannot be resolved at this early stage of the litigation without a showing of irreparable harm or without complying with the rules of procedure.”

Tulip Computers Int’l B.V. v. Dell Computer Corp., 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 1420 (D. Del. 2002).
On Plaintiff's motion to compel in a patent infringement case, the Court stated that “[T]he procedure that Tulip has suggested for the discovery of email documents seems fair, efficient, and reasonable.” The Court ordered the Defendant to produce the hard disks of certain company executives to the Plaintiff’s electronic discovery expert for key word searching. After the expert completes the key word search, the Plaintiff will give the Defendant a list of the emails that contain those search terms. The Defendant will then produce the emails to the Plaintiff, subject to its own review for privilege and confidentiality.

Murphy Oil USA, Inc. v. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 52 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 168 (E.D. La. 2002).
The Court used the eight-factor balancing test set forth in Rowe to determine operating protocols and the cost shifting formula. It placed the burden on the producing party to elect one of two proposed protocols.

Rowe Entm’t, Inc. v. William Morris Agency, Inc., 205 F.R.D. 421 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
Denying Defendants’ motion for a protective order insofar as it sought to preclude the discovery of email altogether, the Court set forth an eight factor balancing test for identifying responsive emails while protecting privileged documents. See also Rowe Entm’t, Inc. v. William Morris Agency, Inc., 53 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 296 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). After reanalyzing and reaffirming Judge Francis’ eight factor balancing test, the Court upheld the January 15, 2002 Order that granted Defendants’ motion to shift the costs of production of their email communications to Plaintiffs.

Columbia Communications Corp. v. EchoStar Satellite Corp., 2 Fed. Appx. 360 (4th Cir. 2001).
In a contract dispute, the Court held that failure of the lessor to turn over certain computer databases during discovery did not justify a judgment for the distributor or a new trial.

Perez v. Volvo Car Corp., 247 F.3d 303 (1st Cir. 2001).
In a suit under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, internal Volvo emails, which could have made a dispositive difference on the issue of Volvo's knowledge of the fraud involved in the suit, were not called to the District Court’s attention until after the Court had issued summary judgment. Volvo claimed these emails offered too little, too late. However, the First Circuit disagreed, “After all, Volvo did not produce the emails to the plaintiffs until January 2000 (the same month that Volvo filed its summary judgment motion)--and then only in Swedish. Given the timing, the sheer volume of documents involved in the case, and the need for translation, fundamental fairness counsels in favor of treating the emails as newly-discovered evidence within the purview of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e).”

Benton v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9448 (C.D. Cal. 2001).
The court refused to grant a continuance on Defendant’s summary judgment motion where Plaintiff claimed that he had not had an adequate opportunity to conduct discovery of Defendant’s computer system. The court concluded that the Plaintiff did not show that a further continuance was necessary to prevent irreparable harm or that further discovery will enable him to obtain evidence essential to his opposition to the motion.

America Online, Inc. v. Anonymous Publicly Traded Co., 542 S.E.2d 377 (Va. 2001).
In a case of first impression, the court refused to allow a corporation to seek information from AOL without revealing its identity.

Superior Consultant Co. v. Bailey, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13051 (E.D. Mich. 2000).
Court ordered Defendant to create and produce for Plaintiff a backup file of Defendant’s laptop computer, and a backup file of any personal computer hard-drive to which Defendant had access.

United States v. Visa USA, Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10212 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).
In a suit against VISA and MasterCard, the parties agreed to narrow the scope of the archived email search, both in terms of the number of employees whose email is to be produced and the number of days per month for which email is to be produced. The court reserved decision about which party will ultimately bear the cost of producing email.

In re Carbon Dioxide Indus. Antitrust Litig., 155 F.R.D. 209 (M.D. Fla. 1993).
“[D]epositions to identify how data is maintained and to determine what hardware and software is necessary to access the information are preliminary depositions necessary to proceed with merits discovery.”

Giardina v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4160 (E.D. La. 2003).
In an employment discrimination suit, Plaintiff’s discovery requests sought a list of all “non-work related Internet sites” accessed with sixteen different company computers. Defendant objected to this request as overly broad and unduly burdensome as it would require creation of detailed and lengthy reports that would take many hours to compile. The magistrate judge granted Plaintiff’s motion to compel and awarded attorney fees and the District Court affirmed.

Lakewood Eng’g & Mfg. Co. v. Lasko Prod., Inc., 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3867 (N.D. Ill. 2003).
In a patent infringement suit, the Plaintiff produced email and other electronic documents after the close of the discovery period. The court found that while the Plaintiff did not engage in a good faith effort to produce all requested discovery in a timely manner, the cost to the Defendant was minimal and therefore refused to issue sanctions. To the extent that it had not already done so, the Plaintiff was ordered to produce all emails generated or received by the inventor relating to the patent at issue.

McPeek v. Ashcroft, 212 F.R.D. 33 (D.D.C. 2003).
In its August 1, 2001 Order, the court ordered the Defendant to search certain backup tapes to assist in ascertaining whether additional searches were justified. After completing this backup tape sample, the parties could not agree whether the search results produced relevant information such that a second search was justified. The magistrate stated, “[t]he frustration of electronic discovery as it relates to backup tapes is that backup tapes collect information indiscriminately, regardless of topic. One, therefore, cannot reasonably predict that information is likely to be on a particular tape. This is unlike the more traditional type of discovery in which one can predict that certain information would be in a particular folder because the folders in a particular file drawer are arranged alphabetically by subject matter or by author.” After examining the likelihood of relevant data being contained on each of the backup tapes, the magistrate ordered additional searches of selected backup tapes likely to contain relevant evidence.

York v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21458 (N.D. Okla. 2002).
In a case alleging bad faith in processing an insurance claim, the Defendant opposed Plaintiff’s 30(b)(6) deposition request on the subject of Defendant’s use of a claims adjusting software program called “Colossus.” The Court found that the Defendant failed to demonstrate that the “Colossus” program was proprietary or confidential and ordered that the Plaintiff should be given the opportunity to discover what data was inputted into "Colossus" concerning her claim. The court also ordered the Defendant to provide a Rule 30(b)(6) witness to testify to the use of the “Colossus” program. Granting part of the Defendant’s motion for a protective order, the Court held that the nature and extent of the Defendant's use of "Colossus" may be confidential and entitled to protection from third parties.

Eolas Techs., Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20285 (N.D. Ill. 2002).
In a patent infringement suit against Microsoft, the parties engaged in extensive motion practice, both on dispositive summary judgment issues and on various discovery issues. With regard to one discovery motion aimed at obtaining information which the Defendant alleged was outside the scope of the issues in the case, the court restricted discovery to spreadsheet data regarding licenses, revenue and profitability of “accused server versions of Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0 operating system software with Internet Explorer.” With regard to another discovery motion, addressing whether certain email messages in a chain of messages must be produced, the court ordered the Defendant to produce certain emails to and from one key individual so that the court could analyze the documents in camera and then make a determination as to whether the Plaintiff is entitled to receive them in an unredacted form.

Jones v. Goord, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8707 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
Plaintiffs, prison inmates bringing suit against the New York State Corrections Commission for prison overcrowding, requested the production of six different electronic databases maintained by the New York state prison system. The Plaintiffs claimed that the electronic information would be more valuable than the already produced hard copies because the information would be more manipulable. The court refused to compel discovery of the databases because the burden of the proposed discovery outweighed its likely benefit, particularly in light of the Plaintiffs failure to seek discovery in a timelier manner and the vast amount of material that had already been produced in hard copy. The court stated, “As electronic mechanisms for storing and retrieving data have become more common, it has increasingly behooved courts and counsel to become familiar with such methods, and to develop expertise and procedures for incorporating ‘electronic discovery’ into the familiar rituals of litigation.”

Kaufman v. Kinko’s Inc., Civ. Action No. 18894-NC (Del. Ch. Apr. 16, 2002).
The Court granted the Plaintiffs’ motion to compel the Defendants’ production of certain email messages retrievable from Defendants backup system. The Defendants’ argument that the burdens of the retrieval process outweighed any evidentiary benefit that the Plaintiffs would obtain from the documents was unpersuasive. Instead, the Court stated, “Upon installing a data storage system, it must be assumed that at some point in the future one may need to retrieve the information previously stored. That there may be deficiencies in the retrieval system…cannot be sufficient to defeat an otherwise good faith request to examine the relevant information.”

United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Braspetro Oil Servs. Co., 53 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 60 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
In a discovery dispute concerning the potential waiver of privilege with respect to materials provided to Defendants' expert witnesses, the Court ordered the Defendants to produce all materials provided to their experts – privileged or unprivileged, whether in paper or electronic form.

Braxton v. Farmer’s Ins. Group, 209 F.R.D. 651 (N.D. Ala. 2002).
In a class action brought under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Plaintiffs sought emails from non-party individual insurance agents of the Defendant’s insurance company. The Defendant objected, claiming that enforcement of the subpoena would subject the agents to an undue burden. The court refused to require the non-party insurance agents to engage in the task of “combing through their email files and other records in search of the documents sought by the plaintiff.” The court ordered the Defendant to locate and produce relevant emails, newsletters, and other correspondence that it sent to its agents.

McNally Tunneling Corp. v. City of Evanston, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20394 (N.D. Ill. 2001).
In a dispute between a construction contractor and the City of Evanston, the Court denied Evanston wide-scale access to both hard-copy and electronic versions of McNally’s computer files where Evanston’s need for both sets of documents was not fully briefed to the Court. However, where McNally’s hard-copy productions were incomplete, the Court ordered McNally to supplement the hard-copy versions with its computer files to ensure that it has produced all of the relevant information.

Unnamed Physician v. Bd. of Trs. of St. Agnes Med. Ctr., 113 Cal. Rptr. 2d 309 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001).
In a physician review hearing, the hospital was ordered to provide the physician with all
existing documents related to the hospital’s computer programs, except those of a proprietary nature.

Hayes v. Compass Group USA, Inc., 202 F.R.D. 363 (D. Conn 2001).
The Plaintiff in an age discrimination action requested information on similar claims filed against the Defendant. The Defendant advised the Court of the burden and expense involved with such a request given that some of the data was stored in a non-searchable computer format. The Court ordered the Defendant to manually search the unsearchable computer data and to produce all information for which it had computer search capabilities.

McPeek v. Ashcroft, 202 F.R.D. 31 (D.D.C. 2001).
In a sexual harassment action against Plaintiff’s employer, Plaintiff sought to force Defendant to search its backup systems for data that was deleted by the user but was stored on backup tape. Defendant rebutted that the remote possibility of yielding relevant evidence could not justify the costs involved. Instead of ordering recovery and production of relevant documents from all of the existing backup tapes, the Magistrate ordered the Defendant to restore and produce responsive emails from one person’s computer over a one year period. After this sample data was produced and accessed, the Magistrate would then determine if a broader recovery and search was warranted given the burden and expense.

Kleiner v. Burns, 48 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (Callaghan) 644 (D. Kan. 2000).
Court ordered Defendant Yahoo! to disclose all electronic data compilations in its possession, custody, and control that are relevant to disputed facts. Court also ordered parties to preserve evidence that they know, or should know, is relevant to the ongoing litigation, including preservation of all data compilations, computerized data and other electronically-recorded information.

Illinois Tool Works, Inc. v. Metro Mark Prods. Ltd., 43 F. Supp. 2d 951 (N.D. Ill. 1999).
In an unfair competition case, the court ordered the Defendant to produce for inspection its computer after Plaintiff showed that the Defendant had been less than forthcoming in producing hard copies of requested documents. The court further issued sanctions, in the form reasonable attorney’s fees and costs, for the failure to comply with the discovery orders.

Alexander v. FBI, 186 F.R.D. 78 (D.D.C. 1998).
The court concluded that it was appropriate to order an examination of employee's computer hard drive and server to determine whether responsive documents that had not been already produced actually existed.

Alexander v. FBI, 188 F.R.D. 111 (D.D.C. 1998).
The court refused to require Defendants to completely restore all deleted files and email where Plaintiff did not propose “targeted and appropriately worded searched of backed-up and archived email and deleted hard drives for a limited number of individuals.”

Sattar v. Motorola, Inc., 138 F.3d 1164 (7th Cir. 1997).
Plaintiff sought hard copies of over 200,000 emails, since its system was unable to read Defendant’s electronic files. The appellate court affirmed the district court’s ruling that a more reasonable accommodation was (1) some combination of downloading the data from the tapes to conventional computer disks or a computer hard-drive, (2) loaning Plaintiff a copy of the necessary software, or (3) offering Plaintiff on-site access to its own system. If all of those options failed, the court ordered that the parties would each bear half the cost of the copying the 200,000 emails.

Smith v. Texaco, Inc., 951 F. Supp. 109, (E.D. Tex 1997), rev’d on other grounds 263 F.3d 394 (5th Cir. 2001).
Modifying the original state court TRO in a race discrimination case, the court permitted
the moving of certain documents in the ordinary and usual course of business and the deletion of electronic records in the ordinary and usual course of business, provided that hard copy records be made and kept.

Strauss v. Microsoft Corp., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7433 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).
The court denied Microsoft’s motion to exclude evidence of offensive emails in a hostile work environment lawsuit.

Easley, McCaleb & Assoc., Inc. v. Perry, No. E-2663 (Ga. Super. Ct. July 13, 1994).
Court ordered that deleted files on Defendant’s computer hard drive are discoverable, and Plaintiff’s expert must be allowed to retrieve all recoverable files. Court issued an order detailing the protocol for reviewing the electronic data.

Torrington Co., v. United States, 786 F. Supp. 1027 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1992).
Plaintiff requested access to confidential materials contained on a computer tape. Plaintiff also requested hard copies of the data. The court refused to order the Defendant to create the computer tapes from scratch where the Plaintiff had already received the documents in paper form. In reaching its decision, the court stated, “Where the burden, cost and time required to produce the tapes is virtually equal on both parties, then the burden of producing the tapes falls on the party requesting the information.”

PHE, Inc. v. Dep’t of Justice, 139 F.R.D. 249 (D.D.C. 1991).
Court ordered Plaintiffs to produce computerized tax records even though Plaintiffs possessed no computer program to retrieve or display the records. “Although no program may presently exist to obtain the information requested, the Court is satisfied that with little effort the plaintiffs can retrieve the necessary and appropriate information…It would not be unreasonable to require the plaintiffs to incur modest additional expenditures so as to provide the defendants with the discovery necessary to establish that they are not acting in bad faith and vindictively.”

In re Air Crash Disaster at Detroit Metro. Airport, 130 F.R.D. 634 (E.D. Mich. 1989).
In litigation brought after a passenger jet crash, the court ordered the aircraft manufacturer to provide relevant flight simulation data on computer-readable nine-track magnetic tape even though the aircraft manufacturer had already provided the data in hard copy print-outs. Because material did not currently exist on magnetic tape, the requesting party (the airline) was required to pay all reasonable and necessary costs associated with manufacture of tape.

Timken Co. v. United States, 659 F. Supp 239 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1987).
Court ordered production of data stored on computer tape even though it had been previously produced in a paper format.

Williams v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 665 F.2d 918 (9th Cir. 1982).
In an employment discrimination s